What do you make of nuclear power, eco-worriers?

Work has begun on several new nuclear power stations, revealed The Times this morning. So, how are we feeling about this, eco-worriers? Tell me what you think. Sceptical? Quietly confidant? Horrified? I must say, I swing between all three. Most of the time, I feel rather like a cornered rabbit being forced to admit that hanging out with Mr Fox isn’t necessarily such a bad idea. Nuclear power offends my green sensibilities, but, right now, it seems like the only option that will tackle climate change. Fast. Albeit in a horribly toxic manner.
Not that I really believe that this is the Government's priority. The Blair/Brown duo is motivated most of all by how to maintain “a stable and affordable energy supply” and “end the reliance on the whims of foreign governments” (in the words of Alastair Darling, the Trade and Industry Secretary), and who can blame them? But my concern is that renewable energy developments will never make headway unless we start putting money behind them, rather than pouring it into new nuclear power plants.
And I haven’t heard the bigwigs talk anything like enough about energy-efficiency. If they’re so worried about dodgy energy supplies in the future, they should encourage us all to value resources and use less of them.
I’m not saying that a few more energy saving light bulbs will save the day, but it should be part of any plan for the future. We need financial incentives for energy-saving products; more money ploughed into renewable energy options, and, most of all, we need to keep a close eye on industry and its energy-gobbling habits.

Comments

[James Aach]

I can't provide a short answer to your question. Nuclear has good and bad points, like all other energy supplies. Few on the outside (politicians, media, etc.) really grasp how nuclear works. I do, having working in the US industry for over 20 years. If you'd like a painless short-course in the reality of atomic energy, see my novel "Rad Decision", available online at no cost to readers at http://RadDecision.blogspot.com and also in paperback. I must have done something right - it's been endorsed by Stewart Brand, founder of The Whole Earth Catalog.

[barfly]

I don't actually believe that nuclear power will be able to tackle climate change. If we do replace all of the UK's reactors, it will only cut our emissions by 4% - and that will be some time after 2024.

There's all manner of facts and figures here: http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/about/why-tony-blair-is-wrong-about-nuclear-power-20070523

I'm with Greenpeace on this one. Decentralised energy is the only way forward that makes sense.

[Richard Hawkins]

"[Nuclear] seems like the only option that will tackle climate change. Fast."

Are you joking?!?

No nuclear power station has EVER finished on time & on budget. And the most optimistic estimates for turning the current reactors on is 2015!

Renewable energy is the only sustainable answer, because let's not forget that Peak-Uranium is not so far away, and Peak-Solar or Peak-Wind doesn't exist.

You just need to look at how successful Germany has been in the renewable sector to see how changing the rules of the game can promote renewables enough to far surpass anything nuclear can ever offer...

[Claire]

Nuclear is not the answer and never will be. Nothing can be done to solve the problem of what to do with the waste. I wish I knew why the Government is pursuing this option, when it's staring us in the face that we should be going down the route of a) reducing our consumption; and b) investing in solar and tidal power and so on. Are there vested interests? Or is it simply that ministers don't want to tell us to reduce? Please, someone, enlighten me!

[Zareen]

I was neutral about the nuclear alternative because the pros (an alternative to Earth-death) and the cons (biodiversity loss, toxicity et al) both seemed to be compelling arguments.
After reading James' Lovelocks' latest book, however, I am afraid my opinion has crystallized into a resolute NO. Lovelock talks about the promise and feasibility of nuclear power. He advocates it as a 'last chance' solution. That always makes me skeptical. So I looked into it further. From what I understand now, nuclear power is not carbon-neutral. This, combined with its toxicity and the attendant issues of waste disposal makes me deeply deeply skeptical about it. All in all, I now think nuclear is the antithesis of environmental concern, and I wouldn't vote for a government that advocated it.

[John Gregory Flinn]

"I’m not saying that a few more energy saving light bulbs will save the day.."
You should be saying just that!
Conventional light bulbs waste 85% of their energy on heat, so its not difficult to estimate the power savings available by replacing - free of charge - each households' stock. At a conservative estimate they could save about two 1000 MW power plants.

"No nuclear power station has EVER finished on time & on budget.."
Wrong!
Japan, Korea and France do so, and regularly.
Britain imports nuclear electricity From France every day, as does Germay, Belgium and Spain. Gravelines in France is closer to London than any British nuclear power plant.
There is no 'peak uranium'. Plutonium is already being used as MOX in nuclear power plants. This is bred automatically from the plentiful uranium-238 which is effectively sustainable.
No energy source is carbon neutral, manufacturing solar panels and wind turbines generates carbon dioxide.

'Nuclear power' is an emotive/taboo subject and never gets a fair hearing, especially in anglo-saxon countries like 'nimby' Britain.
Sustainable renewables generate dilute energy. In other words they need a large environmental resource to operate, land area mostly.
The one with most promise is thermionic solar which can be incorporated into buildings, and has recently been developed as a film.
However this will not work at night. So, a base-load power plant like nuclear or fossil is inevitable if the lights are not to dim out.

If you don't build any more nuclear in Britain you will have to import electricity from France which is 86% nuclear generated.

[i hate science]

i hate science

[Tracy]

The idea of leaving all that toxic gunk behind for our children and grandchildren to deal with is just outrageous.

[lily]

i think that nuclear power stations can be a good thing cose they do have there good points but than they do have there bad things like radiation.

[stuey5bellies]

All those bleating about nuclear energy being a disaster waiting to happen should get a grip and face the reality of the situation. Fossil fuels are running out, available renewable energy is limited both in terms of capacity and reliability and future alternative energy sources (biofuels etc) depend on generation of huge volumes of plant matter - something which is not possible as our land area is currently put over to generating food. Nuclear energy provides a plentiful source of energy which, if managed properly, could provide all our needs. Alternatively, we could all stop driving cars, using lights, building houses, surfing the web and go back to living in huts/caves. Come to terms with it - we need nuclear....

[ED]

"Great success of renevables in Germany"? I wouldn't say so.

Installing wind farms or solar plants doesn't make conventional power plants go away - it is estimated that for every installed 1MW of wind/solar power you would still need 0.8MW of conventional power plants in order to ensure stable supply. There will be simply no capacity for energy storage (using pumped water or compressed air storage plants) necessary to balance highly unpredictable production, should a significant part of electricity be produced from such renevable sources.

The effect of nuclear phase-out in Germany is already evident - more than 20 new brown coal firing plants are planned for the next years - pretty much the worst ecological choice - brown coal not only produces CO2, but also a variety of acid-generating oxides, heavy metals and the most funny part - around 100 times of radioactive material per kWh produced, only that it will be dumped directly into the atmosphere.

Wind energy is also directly opposite from being "decentralized" - most wind farms in Germany are located at the north coast, overstressing the grid, since the excess energy needs to be transferred from north to south on good wind conditions, and in the opposite direction when there's no wind. Last year's blackout and grid separation in central Europe was caused by exactly this condition.

The whole "success" of renevables in Germany is a product of insane subventioning : solar energy producers are paid 50 ct/kWh (which translates to around 90ct at the consumer's end, with all the taxes), wind energy: 8-9, biogas: 17ct/kWh.

The "high demand" of such renevables can be seen exceptionally good in the offers from "eco-power" providers, among them Greenpeace : none, NONE of them offers any significant amount of wind or solar energy in their "electricity mix". Every electricity provider in Germany has to disclose the proportion of nuclear/coal/renevables/etc. types of power they sell to the end consumer in a specific contract type. Also, at least 11% must be from renevables.

Obviously you won't find coal or nuclear in the eco-provider's mix. What do they use? 75-90% water, 0-15% biogas, 11% compulsory renevables-mix. The only wind or solar energy they sell is included in the mandatory part, otherwise nobody wants to deal with them, even Greenpeace.

[Derek Young]

This whole issue of more nuclear power is yet another example of the use of scare tactics by this administrations control freaks. The technology exists to use Coal cleanly in Power Stations and we are sitting on millions of tons of it. Mines were allowed to flood for dubious political reasons in the 70's. Now the taxpayer is being punished for the follies of our "masters"

[mark hearne]

Radioactivity is a common natural process. Our bodies and environment is more attuned to background radiation then it is to high CO2 levels or denuded forests cut down for biofuel production. Nuclear fission power will only ever be a stopgap before we have nuclear fusion power.(Which mankind WILL achieve) but it is needed now to curtail CO2 emmissions. Not in 10 years time but now. We should be building free nuclear reactors for third world countries too.
Biofuel production will take food from the plates of hungry children and put it into car engines that are far too big for purpose.

I know its dirty but no more so then the current energy production technologies.
I say roll out the new reactors now!

[kay]

I just wanted to say that i think that nuclear energy is the way to go as we are running out of options for our planet and even with the waste we are going to have to deal with it as we really are running out of fossil fuels and unless someone comes up with another solution we have nothing else

[kay]

also if you are really against nuclear think about this.. trees are not growing as fast as we are using the energy for every bit of fossil fuel we use theres like not even half a tree to soak up the carbon. I don't know about everyone else but i dont want the overly hot and the extreme cold weather anymore we need to reduce the carbon in the air

[roxi]

Greenpeace have just launched a short film about exactly this - why nuclear power can't stop climate change:

The Convenient Solution
http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/thesolution

[Rudolf Zölde]

THERMOVOLTAIK - CURRENT FROM WARMTH
ADD THERMAL GENERATORS (Addition-thermocouple-voltage) - Decentralized current supply for each household.
Sketch info: www.thermogen.ws24.cc

The new thermal generator generation is pollution free, compact and efficient. Status of information: 05.07.2007.
The Thermovoltaik is the sphere of activity of physics, which is concerned with the transformation of heat energy into electricity. If two different metals or alloys are together contacted and heated up, a low electrical tension develops. A thermal current generator with integrated high current inverter patent DE 43 13 827 A1, consists of several laminar contacted metal layers in row on suitable carriers of thermoelectric neutral materials, which serve as conductor. A new ADD-thermoelectric generator is consisting of a metal block of a multiplicity of thermal cells. A thermal cell consists of three thin film layers of different materials (RZ5130), two form a flat thermocouple, the third a flat electric rectifier.
If warmth is supplied to a thermopile, a negative irreversible charge forms as electron excess, the total tension of a thermopile is the sum of all individual thermal cells, comparably also in row switched batteries by the addition of the individual thermal cell tension. An attached consumer in the electric circuit is generally cooler, thus is fulfilled the Seebeck effect and power output results from the won current value related to the cell area size (A/mm ²) and the supplied temperature [Q].
The only working power in a thermoelectric closed system generator/consumer is the portion of the atoms, which released electrons by the supply of warmth and thus have a positive charge. The holes in the outside electron shells of the atoms, developed in such a way, have a working suction strength by the kinetic energy of the protons in the atomic nucleus. The suction strength inclines to neutralisation and keeps upright the electron current flow with potential energy.
The maximally possible efficiency comes off only if the portion of the positive charges is same or higher than that of the negative charge carriers of the freed electrons. In the laminar contact zone between the melted different thermoelectric materials of a thermal cell a different charge carrier density develops, their values are material constants and in the overall system proportional to the supplied heat energy.
The mass of the subject hides an enormous resting energy quantity of E = m Would one bring this mass of zero on maximally possible speed, thus to speed of light, equal Einsteins well-known formula E = mc ² and as practical proof
E = mc³ * 8 with spherical expansion strength as a manifestation of mass.
Here the electron portion of the opposite pole with smaller negative potential works as loss of energy: Consumer output-plus tension minus plus tension at the opposite pole related to the total internal resistance of the system. However the positive charges have a attractively working power, which works by the protons in the atomic nucleus on the free electrons as inactive negative charge carriers. The difference of potential between charge carriers in the momentary condition is the measurable electrical tension.
The temperature is a measure for the effectiveness of a thermoelectric system and the stored amount of heat in a thermally closed generator housing is extremely economical, related to the fuel consumption, only the amount of heat must be adjusted some thermally outward well isolated housing delivers to the environment. In the case of short-circuit the current flow achieves the highest possible value at the given temperature and is a measure for the quality of the thermal cell types. The additive method results in an efficiency of 48% according to Carnot cycle. A thermal cell variant is laid on with one of the newest RZ2843 alloys, which exhibits electric rectifier characteristics with parameters within millivolt range, then develops an only two-layered thermal cell, the manufacturing of thermopile blocks, thereby becomes still more economical.
Newdeveloped carbon nano-tubes (CNT) materials work as flat electric rectifiers and attain thereby a current conductivity with physical characteristics, which are almost predestined for the employment in the Thermovoltaik and let hoppe for far higher generator power in future. An example of the manufacturing of a thermal cell:
A Konstantan sheel metall galvanized on one side with copper results in a flat thermocouple, afterwards on a side coated with nano-carbon semiconductor, a thermal cell develops. The quality of the nano-carbon semiconducter coating and processing is decisive for the efficiency.
By the compact design of ADD thermal generators the applications are various from cardiac pacemaker to megawatt power stations as well as current supply in air and space travel.
The heat energy supply is possible with all kinds of fuel. By force heat coupling in the industry, fermentation gas, sun exposure with thermal and Photovoltaik solar cell coupling or with hydrogen won from solar power or to thermal power with geovoltaik probes alternating voltages supply directly from the depth of the earth and largedimensioned ADD thermal generators with integrated high current power inverter can reach far over 200 megawatts rated output with special DC/AC inverters.
A HIGH CURRENT INVERTER (HSWR), DC/AC inverters, for thermal generators is conceived largedimensioned with well-known logic elements of unorthodox design in miniature design for electronics plates or as power inverters for extremely high current passage for megawatt power and opens new areas of application in the heavy current technology like the transmission of more pulsating, digitized DC voltage over long distances to transfer. Entrance DC voltage starting from 0.1 V is commutated in the millisecond clock periodically and attained at the exit double value as alternating (Vpp) voltage 0.2 V and less than 0.1% losses with constant or variable frequency to 400 cycles per second and more, with selectable pulse envelopes as one or multi-phase alternating voltage (three-phase alternating current simulator) and is indispensable for the withdrawal of the high current power, which thermopiles could supply. Photovoltaik plant need approx. only .the half number of test specification cells, a considerable cost saving owing to this technology.
In the energy field the addition method (ADD) and the new integrable high current inverters are trend-setting technologies, ADD circuit besides offer new applications in the sensor technology with higher sensitivities.
Profitable investment plants for the research and development with expanding market potentials are recommendable.

RUDOLF ZÖLDE
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
E-03184 Torrevieja, Spain
Tel. +34965990317
zoelde@mailde.de

******************************
Die neue Thermogeneratoren-Generation ist umweltfreundlich, effizient, kompakt und leistungsfähig mit einem speziellen Hochstromwechselrichter (HSWR). Informationsstand: 06.07.2007.

Die Thermovoltaik ist das Arbeitsgebiet der Physik, das sich mit der Umwandlung von Wärmeenergie in elektrische Energie befasst. Wenn zwei unterschiedliche Metalle oder Legierungen zusammen kontaktiert und erhitzt werden, entsteht eine niedrige elektrische Spannung.
Der neuartige ADD-Thermoelektrischer Generator ist mit integriertem Hochstromwechselrichter ausgestaltet, Patent DE 43 13 827 A1, und besteht aus mehreren in Reihe flächig kontaktierten Thermozellen.
Eine Thermozelle besteht aus drei Dünnfilmschichten unterschiedlicher Materialien (RZ5130), zwei Schichten bilden ein Flachthermoelement, die dritte einem Flachgleichrichter.
Wird einer Thermosäule Wärme zugeführt, bildet sich durch die Addition der einzelnen Zellenspannungen (ADD) eine negative irreversible Ladung als Elektronenüberschuss, die Gesamtspannung einer Thermosäule ist die Summe aller einzelnen Thermozellen, vergleichbar mit in Reihe geschalteten Batterien.
Ein angeschlossener Verbraucher im Stromkreis ist im allgemeinen kühler, somit ist der Seebeck-Effekt erfüllt und die Ausgangsleistung ergibt sich aus dem gewonnenen Stromwert bezogen auf die Zellenflächengrösse (A/mm²) und der zugeführten Temperatur [Q]. Handelsübliche Thermoelemente, z.B. Type E erzeugen bei 1000°C 0,076 Volt und ca. 0,3 Ampere/mm².
Die tatsächlich einzig wirkende Kraft in einem thermoelektrischen geschlossenen System Generator/Verbraucher ist der Anteil der Atome, die durch die Zufuhr von Wärme Elektronen freigaben und somit eine positive Ladung haben. Die so entstandenen Löcher in den äusseren Elektronenschalen der Atome haben durch die kinetische Energie der Protonen im Atomkern eine wirkende Sogkraft, die zur Neutralisation neigt und den Elektronenstromfluss mit potentieller Energie aufrecht hält. Der maximal mögliche Wirkungsgrad kommt nur dann zustande, wenn der Anteil der positiven Ladungen gleich oder höher ist als der der negativen Ladungsträger der freigewordenen Elektronen, wie in jedem Stromkreislauf.
In der flächigen Kontaktzone zwischen den eingeschmolzenen unterschiedlichen thermoelektrischen Materialien einer Thermozelle entsteht eine unterschiedliche Ladungsträgerdichte, deren Werte sind Materialkonstanten und im Gesamtsystem proportional der zugeführten Wärmeenergie.
Die Masse der Materie verbirgt eine gewaltige ruhende Energiemenge E = m, würde man diese Masse von Null auf maximal mögliche Geschwindigkeit bringen, also Lichtgeschwindigkeit c = 299792 km/s, gleich Einsteins bekannte Formel E = mc² und als praktischer Beweis E = mc³ * 8 eine Explosion mit sphärischer Expansionskraft als eine Erscheinungsform von Masse.
Allein die positiven Ladungen haben eine anziehend wirkende Kraft, die durch die Protonen im Atomkern auf die freien Elektronen als inaktive negative Ladungsträger wirken und die Potentialdifferenz zwischen Ladungstägern im Momentanzustand ist die messbare elektrische Spannung.
Die Temperatur und A/mm² ist ein Mass für die Wirksamkeit eines Thermoelektrischen Systems. Die gespeicherte Wärmemenge in einem thermisch geschlossenen Generatorgehäuse ist, bezogen auf den Kraftstoffverbrauch sehr sparsam, es muss nur die Wärmemenge nachgeführt werden die ein thermisch nach aussen gut isoliertes Gehäuse an die Umgebung abgibt.
Im Kurzschlussfall erreicht der Stromfluss den höchstmöglichen Wert bei der gegebenen Temperatur und ist ein Mass für die Qualität der Thermozellentypen. Die Additivmethode ergibt nach Carnot-Prozess einen Wirkungsgrad von 48%.
Eine Thermozellen-Variante ist mit einer der neusten RZ2843 Legierungen aufgetragen, die Gleichrichtereigenschaften mit Parametern in Millivoltbereich aufweist, so entsteht eine nur zweischichtige Thermozelle, die Fertigung von Thermosäulenblöcken wird dadurch noch kostengünstiger.
Ein THERMOBIPLAN-Generator ist ein einzelnes Thrmoelement aus einem beliebig grossen beschichteten Aluiniumblech und erfordert keinen Gleichrichter, keine Additv-Serienschaltung und nur mit einem HSWR und Transformator im Betrieb.
Neuentwickelte Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen CNT-Materialien wirken als Flachgleichrichter und erlangen dadurch eine Stromleitfähigkeit mit physikalischen Eigenschaften, die für den Einsatz in der Thermovoltaik geradezu prädestiniert sind und lassen für die Zukunft auf weit höhere Generatorleistungen hoffen.
Ein Beispiel für die Fertigung einer Thermozelle: Ein mit Kupfer einseitig galvanisiertes Konstantanblech ergibt ein Flachthermoelement, danach auf einer Seite mit Nano-Kohlenstoffhableiter beschichtet, entsteht eine Thermozelle. Die Qualität der Nanobeschichtung und Verabeitung ist für den Wirkungsgrad entscheidend.
Durch die kompakte Bauform von ADD-Thermogeneratoren sind die Anwendungen vielfältig, angefangen vom Herzschrittmacher bis Megawattkraftwerke sowie Stromversorgung in Luft- und Raumfahrt.
Die Wärmeenergiezufuhr ist mit allen Brennstoffarten möglich. Durch Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung in der Industrie, Biogas, Sonneneinstrahlung mit Thermo- und Photovoltaik-Solarzellenkopplung oder mit Wasserstoff aus Sonnenenergie gewonnen oder Geothermie, Geovoltaiksonden liefern mit speziellen DC/AC-Invertern Wechselspannungen direkt aus der Tiefe der Erde und grossdimensionierte ADD-Thermogeneratoren mit integriertem Hochstrom-Leistungswechselrichter können weit über 200 Megawatt Nennleistung erreichen.
Ein HOCHSTROMWECHSELRICHTER (HSWR), DC/AC-Inverter, für Thermogeneratoren ist konzipiert mit bekannten Schaltelementen unkonventioneller Bauart in Miniaturbauform für Elektronikplatinen oder grossdimensioniert als Leistungswechselrichter für extrem hohen Stromdurchlass für Megawattleistungen und eröffnet neue Anwendungsgebiete in der Starkstromtechnik wie die Übertragung von pulsierender, digitalisierte Gleichspannung um auf lange Distanzen zu übertragen.
Die Eingangsgleichspannung ab 0,1 Volt wird im Millisekundentakt periodisch umgepolt und erlangt am Ausgang den doppeltem Wert als Spitzenwechselspannung 0,2 Volt und weniger als 0,1% Verluste mit konstanter oder variabler Frequenz bis 400 Hz und mehr, mit wählbaren Impulsformen als Ein- oder Mehrphasen Wechselspannung (Drehstromsimulator) und ist unentbehrlich für die Entnahme der hohen Stromleistungen, die Thermosäulen liefern könnten. Photovoltaikanlagen benötigen dank dieser Technologie ca. nur die halbe Anzahl der PV-Zellen, eine beachtliche Kostenersparnis.
Die Additvmethode und die neuartigen integrierbaren Hochstromwechselrichter sind im Energiebereich zukunftsweisende Technologien, Additivschaltung bietet zudem neue Applikationen in der Sensorentechnik mit höheren Empfindlichkeiten. Gewinnbringende Investitionsanlagen für die Forschung und Entwicklung mit expandierenden Marktpotentialen sind empfehlenswert.
Keine fertige Generatoren, keine Lieferungen und keine Preise.

RUDOLF ZÖLDE
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIEN
E-03184 Torrevieja, Spanien
Tel. +34965990317
zoelde@mailde.de
Info: www.thermogen.ws24.cc

[Ross Hastings]

When there is any other alternative, nuclear should be avoided at all costs. And there is another alternative. The SunPower Group in Australia has developed a range of solar power systems for energy generation to transport. The Thermogen system supplies 5kW solar power 24hrs a day including overcast and rainy weather. It also supplies solar hot water and solar HVAC free of charge. The big SunPower CSP solar dishes supply 24hr solar power from 100kW to many GW. The SunTrain uses the same thermal storage techniqes used in solar power generation to power the first solar train being built in Brisbane, Australia. This motive power technology will then be applied to trucks, giving a range of 1200km on one charge. Then we have the MDI Air Car which can be charged using solar energy. When we have all these exciting technologies available, why look at a potentially lethal nuclear option which is very expensive and won't pay for itself in its operating lifetime?

[Brendan Morse]

Nuclear (Fission) Power is blatantly on of the, if not THE most stupid thing the human race has ever attempted. The only reason it's on the national agenda of Australia is because we have huge Uranium supplies. Our Government seems to be accepting the reality of global warming without acknowlegeing the implications. Nevermind the tonnes of homeless radiocative waste drifting around the planet on permanent sea barges, the radioactive tailings and water reservoirs from Australian Uranium mines are all located in very low-lying areas that with with a rise in sea-levels and storm frequency are very liely to end up underwater, washed millions of megalitres of radioactive waste around millions of square km in every direction. How dumb can we be ?

[Rudolf Zölde]

THERMOVOLTAIK - CURRENT FROM WARMTH
ADD THERMAL GENERATORS (Addition-thermocouple-voltage) - Decentralized current supply for each household.
Sketch info: www.thermogen.ws24.cc

The new thermal generator generation is pollution free, compact and efficient. Status of information: 05.07.2007.
The Thermovoltaik is the sphere of activity of physics, which is concerned with the transformation of heat energy into electricity. If two different metals or alloys are together contacted and heated up, a low electrical tension develops. A thermal current generator with integrated high current inverter patent DE 43 13 827 A1, consists of several laminar contacted metal layers in row on suitable carriers of thermoelectric neutral materials, which serve as conductor. A new ADD-thermoelectric generator is consisting of a metal block of a multiplicity of thermal cells. A thermal cell consists of three thin film layers of different materials (RZ5130), two form a flat thermocouple, the third a flat electric rectifier.
If warmth is supplied to a thermopile, a negative irreversible charge forms as electron excess, the total tension of a thermopile is the sum of all individual thermal cells, comparably also in row switched batteries by the addition of the individual thermal cell tension. An attached consumer in the electric circuit is generally cooler, thus is fulfilled the Seebeck effect and power output results from the won current value related to the cell area size (A/mm ²) and the supplied temperature [Q].
The only working power in a thermoelectric closed system generator/consumer is the portion of the atoms, which released electrons by the supply of warmth and thus have a positive charge. The holes in the outside electron shells of the atoms, developed in such a way, have a working suction strength by the kinetic energy of the protons in the atomic nucleus. The suction strength inclines to neutralisation and keeps upright the electron current flow with potential energy.
The maximally possible efficiency comes off only if the portion of the positive charges is same or higher than that of the negative charge carriers of the freed electrons. In the laminar contact zone between the melted different thermoelectric materials of a thermal cell a different charge carrier density develops, their values are material constants and in the overall system proportional to the supplied heat energy.
The mass of the subject hides an enormous resting energy quantity of E = m Would one bring this mass of zero on maximally possible speed, thus to speed of light, equal Einsteins well-known formula E = mc ² and as practical proof
E = mc³ * 8 (E = m * c² [J = (kg * m²)/s²]) with spherical expansion strength as a manifestation of mass.
Here the electron portion of the opposite pole with smaller negative potential works as loss of energy: Consumer output-plus tension minus plus tension at the opposite pole related to the total internal resistance of the system. However the positive charges have a attractively working power, which works by the protons in the atomic nucleus on the free electrons as inactive negative charge carriers. The difference of potential between charge carriers in the momentary condition is the measurable electrical tension.
The temperature is a measure for the effectiveness of a thermoelectric system and the stored amount of heat in a thermally closed generator housing is extremely economical, related to the fuel consumption, only the amount of heat must be adjusted some thermally outward well isolated housing delivers to the environment. In the case of short-circuit the current flow achieves the highest possible value at the given temperature and is a measure for the quality of the thermal cell types. The additive method results in an efficiency of 48% according to Carnot cycle. A thermal cell variant is laid on with one of the newest RZ2843 alloys, which exhibits electric rectifier characteristics with parameters within millivolt range, then develops an only two-layered thermal cell, the manufacturing of thermopile blocks, thereby becomes still more economical.
Newdeveloped carbon nano-tubes (CNT) materials work as flat electric rectifiers and attain thereby a current conductivity with physical characteristics, which are almost predestined for the employment in the Thermovoltaik and let hoppe for far higher generator power in future. An example of the manufacturing of a thermal cell:
A Konstantan sheel metall galvanized on one side with copper results in a flat thermocouple, afterwards on a side coated with nano-carbon semiconductor, a thermal cell develops. The quality of the nano-carbon semiconducter coating and processing is decisive for the efficiency.
By the compact design of ADD thermal generators the applications are various from cardiac pacemaker to megawatt power stations as well as current supply in air and space travel.
The heat energy supply is possible with all kinds of fuel. By force heat coupling in the industry, fermentation gas, sun exposure with thermal and Photovoltaik solar cell coupling or with hydrogen won from solar power or to thermal power with geovoltaik probes alternating voltages supply directly from the depth of the earth and largedimensioned ADD thermal generators with integrated high current power inverter can reach far over 200 megawatts rated output with special DC/AC inverters.
A HIGH CURRENT INVERTER (HSWR), DC/AC inverters, for thermal generators is conceived largedimensioned with well-known logic elements of unorthodox design in miniature design for electronics plates or as power inverters for extremely high current passage for megawatt power and opens new areas of application in the heavy current technology like the transmission of more pulsating, digitized DC voltage over long distances to transfer. Entrance DC voltage starting from 0.1 V is commutated in the millisecond clock periodically and attained at the exit double value as alternating (Vpp) voltage 0.2 V and less than 0.1% losses with constant or variable frequency to 0-400 cycles per second and more, with selectable pulse envelopes as one or multi-phase alternating voltage (three-phase alternating current simulator) and is indispensable for the withdrawal of the high current power, which thermopiles could supply. Photovoltaik plant need approx. only .the half number of test specification cells, a considerable cost saving owing to this technology.
In the energy field the addition method (ADD) and the new integrable high current inverters are trend-setting technologies, ADD circuit besides offer new applications in the sensor technology with higher sensitivities.
Profitable investment plants for the research and development with expanding market potentials are recommendable.

RUDOLF ZÖLDE
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
E-03184 Torrevieja, Spain
Tel. +34965990317
r.zoelde@gmx.eu
www.thermogen.ws24

German

Add-Thermogeneratoren

Dezentrale Stromversorgung für jeden Haushalt.

Die Thermovoltaik ist das Arbeitsgebiet der Physik, das sich mit der Umwandlung von Wärmeenergie in elektrische Energie befasst. Wenn zwei unterschiedliche Metalle oder Legierungen zusammen kontaktiert und erhitzt werden, entsteht eine elektrische Spannung.
Der neuartige ADD-Thermoelektrischer Generator ist mit integriertem Hochstromwechselrichter ausgestaltet, Patent DE 43 13 827 A1, und besteht aus mehreren in Reihe flächig kontaktierten Thermozellen.
Eine Thermozelle besteht aus drei Dünnfilmschichten unterschiedlicher Materialien (RZ5130), zwei Schichten bilden ein Flachthermoelement, die dritte einen Flachgleichrichter. Wird einer Thermosäule Wärme zugeführt, bildet sich durch die Addition der einzelnen Zellenspannungen (ADD) eine negative irreversible Ladung als Elektronenüberschuss.
Die Gesamtspannung einer Thermosäule ist die Summe aller einzelnen Thermozellen, vergleichbar mit in Reihe geschalteten Batterien. Ein angeschlossener Verbraucher im Stromkreis ist im allgemeinen kühler, somit ist der Seebeck-Effekt (auch thermoelektrischer Effekt) erfüllt und die Ausgangsleistung ergibt sich aus dem gewonnenen Stromwert bezogen auf die Zellenflächengrösse (A/mm²) und der zugeführten Temperatur [Q].
Handelsübliche Thermoelemente, z.B. Type E erzeugen bei 1000°C 0,076 Volt und ca. 0,3 Ampere/mm². Die tatsächlich einzig wirkende Kraft in einem thermoelektrischen geschlossenen System Generator/Verbraucher ist der Anteil der Atome, die durch die Zufuhr von Wärme Elektronen freigaben und somit eine positive Ladung haben. Die so entstandenen Löcher in den äusseren Elektronenschalen der Atome haben durch die kinetische Energie der Protonen im Atomkern eine wirkende Anziehungskraft, die zur Neutralisation neigt und den Elektronenstromfluss mit potentieller Energie aufrecht hält. Der maximal mögliche Wirkungsgrad kommt nur dann zustande, wenn der Anteil der positiven Ladungen gleich oder höher ist als der der negativen Ladungsträger der freigewordenen Elektronen, wie in jedem Stromkreislauf. In der flächigen Kontaktzone zwischen den eingeschmolzenen unterschiedlichen thermoelektrischen Materialien einer Thermozelle entsteht eine unterschiedliche Ladungsträgerdichte, deren Werte sind Materialkonstanten und im Gesamtsystem proportional der zugeführten Wärmeenergie.
Die Masse der Materie verbirgt eine gewaltige ruhende Energiemenge E = m, würde man diese Masse von Null auf maximal mögliche Geschwindigkeit bringen, also Lichtgeschwindigkeit c = 299792 km/s, gleich Einsteins bekannte Formel E = mc² und als praktischer Beweis E = mc³ * 8 (E = m * c² [J = (kg * m²)/s²]) eine Explosion mit sphärischer
Expansionskraft als eine Erscheinungsform von Masse. Die Temperatur und A/mm² ist ein Mass für die Wirksamkeit eines Thermoelektrischen Systems. Die gespeicherte Wärmemenge in einem thermisch geschlossenen Generatorgehäuse ist, bezogen auf den Kraftstoffverbrauch sehr sparsam, es muss nur die Wärmemenge nachgeführt werden die ein thermisch nach aussen gut isoliertes Gehäuse an die Umgebung abgibt.
Im Kurzschlussfall erreicht der Stromfluss den höchstmöglichen Wert bei der gegebenen Temperatur und ist ein Mass für die Qualität der Thermozellentypen. Die Additivmethode ergibt nach Carnot-Prozess einen Wirkungsgrad von 48%.
Eine Thermozellen-Variante ist mit einer der neusten RZ2843 Legierungen aufgetragen, die Gleichrichtereigenschaften mit Parametern in Millivoltbereich aufweist, so entsteht eine nur zweischichtige Thermozelle, die Fertigung von Thermosäulenblöcken wird dadurch noch kostengünstiger.
Ein BIPLAN-Generator ist ein einzelnes Thrmoelement aus einem beliebig grossen beschichteten Aluminiumblech und erfordert keinen Gleichrichter, keine Additiv-Serienschaltung und ist nur mit einem HSWR und Transformator im Betrieb. Neuentwickelte Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen CNT-Materialien wirken als Flachgleichrichter und erlangen dadurch eine Stromleitfähigkeit mit physikalischen Eigenschaften, die für den Einsatz in der Thermovoltaik geradezu prädestiniert sind und lassen für die Zukunft auf weit höhere Generatorleistungen hoffen.
Durch die kompakte Bauform von ADD-Thermogeneratoren sind die Anwendungen vielfältig, angefangen vom Herzschrittmacher bis Megawattkraftwerke sowie Stromversorgung in Luft- und Raumfahrt, Seeschiffe oder mit flüssigen Wasserstoff als Unterwasserfahrzeug.
Die Wärmeenergiezufuhr ist mit allen Brennstoffarten möglich. Durch Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung in der Industrie, Biogas, Sonneneinstrahlung mit Thermo- und Photovoltaik-Solarzellenkopplung oder mit Wasserstoff aus Sonnenenergie gewonnen oder Geothermie, Geovoltaiksonden liefern mit speziellen DC/AC-Invertern Wechselspannungen direkt aus der Tiefe der Erde und grossdimensionierte ADD-Thermogeneratoren mit integriertem Hochstrom-Leistungswechselrichter können weit über 200 Megawatt Nennleistung erreichen.
Ein HOCHSTROMWECHSELRICHTER (HSWR), DC/AC-Inverter, für Thermogeneratoren ist konzipiert mit bekannten Schaltelementen unkonventioneller Bauart in Miniaturbauform für Elektronikplatinen oder dimensioniert als Leistungswechselrichter für extrem hohen Stromdurchlass für Megawattleistungen und eröffnet neue Anwendungsgebiete in der Starkstromtechnik wie die übertragung von pulsierender, digitalisierte Gleichspannung um auf lange Distanzen zu übertragen.
Die Eingangsgleichspannung ab 0,1 Volt wird im Millisekundentakt periodisch umgepolt und erlangt am Ausgang den doppelten Wert als Spitzenwechselspannung 0,2 Volt und weniger als 0,1% Verluste mit konstanter oder variabler Frequenz bis 400 Hz und mehr, mit wählbaren Impulsformen als Ein- oder Mehrphasen Wechselspannung (Drehstromsimulator) und ist unentbehrlich für die Entnahme der hohen Stromleistungen, die Thermosäulen liefern könnten. Photovoltaikanlagen benötigen dank dieser Technologie ca. nur die halbe Anzahl der PV-Zellen, eine beachtliche Kostenersparnis.
Die Additvmethode und die neuartigen integrierbaren Hochstromwechselrichter sind im Energiebereich zukunftsweisende Technologien, Additivschaltung bietet zudem neue Applikationen in der Sensorentechnik mit höheren Empfindlichkeiten. Gewinnbringende Investitionsanlagen für die Forschung und Entwicklung mit expandierenden. Marktpotentialen sind empfehlenswert.

RUDOLF ZÖLDE
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIEN
E-03184 Torrevieja, Spanien
Tel./Fax: +34965990317
r.zoelde@gmx.eu
www.thermogen.ws24.cc

Stand: 06.07.2007

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